我国居民肉类消费特征及趋势判断——基于双对数线性支出模型和LA/AIDS模型

为分析我国城乡居民肉类消费水平及其结构特征,判断居民肉类消费的未来趋势,基于FAO和统计年鉴等相关统计数据,运用双对数线性支出模型和LA/AIDS模型(Linear approximated/Almost ideal deal demand system模型),测算我国及城乡居民肉类消费需求的价格弹性和收入弹性。结果显示我国居民肉类消费量不断增加,且城乡居民肉类消费差距逐步缩小。居民对牛羊肉需求的收入弹性最大,禽肉次之,猪肉最小。其中,农村居民对各项肉类消费需求的收入弹性均显著高于城镇。我国居民的牛羊肉需求对自身价格及其他肉类价格变动较敏感,猪肉需求对自身价格与其他肉类价格变动敏感度较低。由此推断,未来我国居民对牛羊肉消费将呈波动增长态势,而对猪肉的消费呈缓慢增长,但消费量趋于稳定。     

基于YOLO v3与图结构模型的群养猪只头尾辨别方法

在利用视频监控技术对群养猪只进行自动行为监测时,对猪只准确定位并辨别其头尾位置对提高监测水平至关重要,基于此提出一种基于YOLO v3(You only look once v3)模型与图结构模型(Pictorial structure models)的猪只头尾辨别方法。首先,利用基于深度卷积神经网络的YOLO v3目标检测模型,训练猪只整体及其头部和尾部3类目标的检测器,从而在输入图像中获得猪只整体及头尾部所有的检测结果;然后,引入图结构模型,描述猪只的头尾结构特征,对每个猪只整体检测矩形框内的头尾部位组合计算匹配得分,选择最优的部位组合方式;对部分部位漏检的情况,采取阈值分割与前景椭圆拟合的方法,根据椭圆长轴推理出缺失部位。在实际猪场环境下,通过俯拍获得猪舍监控视频,建立了图像数据集,并进行了检测实验。实验结果表明,与直接利用YOLO v3模型相比,本文方法对头尾定位的精确率和召回率均有一定提高。本文方法对猪只头尾辨别精确率达到96.22%,与其他方法相比具有明显优势。     

羊肚菌营养袋制作原料的化学成分分析及配方优化

为优化羊肚菌营养袋的原料组成与配比,以食药用菌栽培基质中常用的4种秸秆及谷壳、麦粒、麦麸,通过主成分分析归纳各原料的营养组成属性,设计出9个营养袋配方进行栽培试验,比较出菇产量,得出高产营养袋原料组合为谷壳和麦粒;再以谷壳与麦粒按11种不同的重量比混合制成营养袋进行栽培试验,综合考量制作成本、出菇产量、经济效益等因素后,最终得到高产高效的羊肚菌营养袋配方(重量比)为谷壳19%、麦粒79%、石灰1%、石膏1%。     

CRISPR/Cas9技术敲除酿酒酵母gpd2基因对产2,3-丁二醇的影响

旨在利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术敲除酿酒酵母甘油-3-磷酸脱氢酶基因(gpd2),探究其对2,3-丁二醇产量的影响。根据酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)W5甘油-3-磷酸脱氢酶基因(gpd2)设计供体片段及gRNA片段,将gRNA片段与可表达Cas9蛋白的敲除载体相连,之后将重组质粒及供体DNA片段转化到S. cerevisiae W5细胞中,根据表型筛选及PCR验证获得gpd2基因缺失菌株。结果表明目的基因gpd2敲除成功,基因缺失菌株与原始菌株经发酵实验相比,甘油产量下降22.01%,乙醇产量提高24.65%,2,3-丁二醇产量下降10.60%。gpd2基因的敲除并没有提高2,3-丁二醇的产量,原因可能是逐渐积累的NADH会优先被细胞内大量的乙醇脱氢酶所氧化,作用于乙醇的产生,而不是优先作用于2,3-丁二醇的合成。本实验构建了适用于酿酒酵母的基因敲除系统,该系统对进一步探究酿酒酵母其他代谢产物与2,3-丁二醇合成之间的关系具有实际的借鉴意义。     

Cf-2/Rcr3pim番茄品系对南方根结线虫的抗性测定

Cf-2/Rcr3~(pim)基因型番茄不仅能够抵御番茄叶霉菌的侵染,而且对马铃薯金线虫的寄生也有一定的抑制效果。为挖掘根结线虫的新抗性资源,本研究采用室内人工接种法测定了Cf-0/Rcr3~(pim)、Cf-2/Rcr3-3和Cf-2/Rcr3~(pim)基因型番茄品系对南方根结线虫的抗感性。抗性评价结果显示,Cf-0/Rcr3~(pim)品系对南方根结线虫表现高感,Cf-2/Rcr3-3品系为中感,而Cf-2/Rcr3~(pim)品系则为感病。与Cf-0/Rcr3~(pim)和Cf-2/Rcr3-3基因型相比,Cf-2/Rcr3~(pim)基因型番茄品系虽然对南方根结线虫侵染的敏感性略低,但是不能阻止线虫在根系上的大量繁殖,不适于根结线虫的防控应用。     

Reduction in cadmium accumulation in japonica rice grains by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of OsNRAMP5

Cadmium (Cd) intake is harmful to human health and Cd contamination in rice grains represents a severe threat to those consuming rice as a staple food. Knockout of Cd transporters is a promising strategy to reduce Cd accumulation in rice grains. OsNRAMP5 is the major transporter for Cd and manganese (Mn) uptake in rice. Nevertheless, it is uncertain whether knockout of OsNRAMP5 is applicable to produce low Cd rice without affecting plant growth and grain yield. In this study, we adopted CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing technology to knock out OsNRAMP5 in two japonica varieties. We generated three independent transgene-free osnramp5 mutants and investigated the effect of osnramp5 mutations on Cd accumulation and plant growth. Hydroponic experiments showed that plant growth and chlorophyll content were significantly reduced in osnramp5 mutants at low Mn conditions, and this defective growth in the mutants could be fully rescued by supply of high levels of Mn. Cd and Mn accumulation in both roots and shoots was markedly reduced in the mutants compared to that in wild-type plants. In paddy field experiments, although Cd in flag leaves and grains was greatly reduced in osnramp5 mutants, some agronomic traits including plant height, seed setting rate, and grain number per panicle were affected in the mutants, which ultimately caused a mild reduction in grain yield. The reduced plant growth in the mutants can be attributed to a marked decrease in Mn accumulation. Our results reveal that the manipulation of OsNRAMP5 should be treated with caution: When assessing the applicability of osnramp5 mutants, soil pH and soil water content in paddy fields need to be taken into consideration, since they might affect the levels of available Mn in the soil and consequently determine the effect of the mutation on grain yield.     

Outer membrane protein A of Acinetobacter baumannii induces autophagy via Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway in RAW264.7 cells

AIM:To analyze the effects of outer membrane protein A (OmpA) from Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606 on the autophagy of RAW264.7 cells. METHODS:The RAW264.7 cell model stimulated by OmpA was established. The effects of OmpA on the autophagy of RAW264.7 cells were detected by immunofluorescence, Western blot and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS:The OmpA increased the expression of LC3B-Ⅱ and reduced the phosphorylation levels of Akt, mTOR and p70S6K. Rapamycin further reduced the phosphorylation levels of mTOR and p-70S6K, and increased the expression of LC3B-Ⅱ induced by OmpA. CONCLUSION:The OmpA of Acinetobacter baumannii induces autophagy via Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway in the RAW264.7 cells. This work provides a basis for further research on the molecular mechanism of autophagy induced by Acinetobacter baumannii to find a new method against the infection of Acinetobacter baumannii.     

5种动物源食品中的氟虫腈及其3个代谢物残留量检测

利用QuEChERS技术结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱的方法检测5种动物源食品(鸡肉、鸡蛋、猪肝、牛奶、猪肉)中氟虫腈及其3个代谢物残留量。样品用乙腈提取,经低温处理,多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)、弗罗里硅土(Florisil)和C18分散固相萃取(d-SPE)净化,外标法定量。在不同浓度的加标水平下,氟虫腈及其代谢物在5种动物源食品中的平均回收率为72.1%～113.8%,相对标准偏差RSD为1.9%～17.6%,检出限LOD在0.73～1.94μg/kg范围内,定量限LOQ在5～10μg/kg范围内。该方法具有简单、灵敏、准确等优点,适用于动物源食品中氟虫腈及其代谢物的快速筛查和定量检测。     

Shikonin inhibits neuronal apoptosis induced by OGD through targeting PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

AIM: To explore the effect of shikonin on rat primary cortical neurons in oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced injury model.METHODS: The neurons were pretreated with shikonin at different concentrations (0.02, 0.2, 2 and 20 μmol/L) followed by treatment with OGD. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay and fluorescein diacetate/propidium iodide (FDA/PI) double staining were used to detect neuronal viability and apoptosis, and then the optimal concentration of shikonin was determined. LY294002 (PI3K/Akt signaling pathway inhibitor, 1 μmol/L) was added before the addition of shikonin, and the protein level of p-Akt (Ser473) in the neurons was determined by Wes-tern blot. LDH release assay and FDA/PI double staining were also used to detect neuronal viability and apoptosis.RESULTS: A certain concentration (0.2~20 μmol/L) of shikonin increased the viability of impaired neurons (P<0.05) and the protein level of p-Akt (Ser473) in the neurons (P<0.05). The effect of shikonin on neuronal p-Akt (Ser473) levels and the cell death were blocked by LY294002 (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: A certain concentration of shikonin reduces OGD-induced apoptosis of rat primary cortical neurons by activating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.     

Possible involvement of PKC/MAPK pathway in the regulation of GnRH by dietary arachidonic acid in the brain of male tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis

Our previous studies have indicated that dietary arachidonic acid (ARA) significantly affects the gonadal steroidogenesis in the marine teleost tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis, and this effect was more positive in male fish than in female fish (Aquaculture, 468, 378–385). As a following up study, the present study was further aimed at investigating the possible mechanisms in the brain mediating the effects of dietary ARA on gonadal steroidogenesis. A 70‐day feed trial was repeated with two‐year‐old tongue sole, using three experimental diets with graded levels of ARA, 0.34%, 2.53%, and 9.63% of total fatty acids. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of 23 fish (15 males and 8 females). The results confirmed the positive effect of dietary ARA on testosterone production in male fish. The concentration of gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) in serum responded to dietary ARA in a similar pattern with the testosterone concentration, but the concentration of gonadotrophin in serum was not affected by dietary ARA. The response of gene expression of PKCβ, ARRB1, ARRB2, ERK2 and ATF3 in the brain to dietary ARA was in good agreement with those of GnRH and testosterone, indicating the possible involvement of PKC‐ARRB‐ERK‐ATF3 pathway in signalling transduction of GnRH. However, the PI3K/Akt and TLR/NF‐κB pathways may not be directly involved in the regulation of GnRH metabolism by ARA. This is the first study reporting the possible involvement of PKC/MAPK pathways in regulation of reproductive endocrine processes by long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid in brain of marine fish.